TABLE OF CONTENTS

WIND ENERGY AND WIND TURBINES 
 

   2/4/03

     

    1 INTRODUCTION
    1.1 Dutch Windmill
    1.2 Farm Windmill
    1.3 Wind Chargers
    1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities

         		 References


     

    2 ENERGY
    2.1 Philosophy

         		 2.1.1  Advantages/Disadvantages of Renewable Energy

         		 2.1.2  Economics
    2.2 Definition of Energy and Power
    2.3 Fundamentals Concerning Energy
    2.4 Energy Dilemna in Light of Laws of Thermodynamics

         		 2.4.1  Conservation

         		 2.4.2  Efficiency
    2.5 Exponential Growth
    2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels
    2.7 Nuclear
    2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth
    2.9 Lifetime of a Finite Resource
    2.10 Summary

         		 References

         		 Problems

     

    3 WIND CHARACTERISTICS
    3.1 Global Circulation
    3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power
    3.3 Power in the Wind
    3.4 Change in Windspeed with Height
    3.5 Wind Direction
    3.6 Wind Power Potential
    3.7 Wind Maps
    3.8 Variations in Power
    3.9 Windspeed Histograms
    3.10 Duration Curve
    3.11 Windspeed Distributions
    3.12 General Comments

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    4 INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
    4.1 Instrumentation

         		 4.1.1  Cup Anemometer

         		 4.1.2  Propeller Anemometers

         		 4.1.3  Wind Direction

         		 4.1.4  Recorders
    4.2 Characteristics of Instruments
    4.3 Measurements
    4.4 Vegetation Indicators
    4.5 Data Loggers

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    5 WIND TURBINES
    5.1 Drag Device
    5.2 Lift Device
    5.3 Orientation of Rotor Axis
    5.4 Description of System
    5.5 Aerodynamics
    5.6 Control

         		 5.6.1  Normal Operation

         		 5.6.2  Faults
    5.7 Energy Production

         		 5.7.1  Generator Size

         		 5.7.2  Rotor Area and Wind Map

         		 5.7.3  Manufacturer's Curve
    5.8 Calculated Annual Energy
    5.9 Innovative Wind Systems
    5.10 Applications

         		 5.10.1  Electrical Energy

         		 5.10.2  Mechanical Energy

         		 5.10.3  Thermal Energy

         		 5.10.4  Hybrid Systems

         		 5.10.5  Summary
    5.11 Storage

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    6 DESIGN OF WIND TURBINES
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Aerodynamics
    6.3 Mathematical Terms
    6.4 Analysis of Extractable Power
    6.5 Drag Device
    6.6 Lift Device

         		 6.6.1  Maximum Theoretical Power

         		 6.6.2  Rotation
    6.7 Aerodynamic Performance Prediction
    6.8 Measured Power and Power Coefficient

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    7 ELECTRICAL ASPECTS
    7.1 Fundamentals

         		 7.1.1  Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

         		 7.1.2  Phase Angle and Power Factor
    7.2 Generators
    7.3 Induction Generators
    7.4 Examples

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    8 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
    8.1 Performance
    8.2 Measures of Performance
    8.3 Performance Reports

         		 8.3.1  California

         		 8.3.2  WINDSTATS
    8.4 Performance of Enertech 44
    8.5 Performance of Bergey Excel
    8.6 Water Pumping

         		 8.6.1  Farm Windmill

         		 8.6.2  Electric to Electric System
    8.7 Hybrid

         		 8.7.1  Village Systems

         		 8.7.2  Wind Diesel
    8.8 Blade Roughness
     
    8.9
         		 Comments
     

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    9 SITING
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Long Term Reference Stations
    9.3 Site Evaluation For Wind Farms
    9.4 Wake and Array Losses
    9.5 Digital Maps
    9.6 Geographic Information Systems
    9.7 Wind Resource Screening
    9.8 Wind Power Production

         		 9.8.1  Wind Power for Texas Panhandle

         		 9.8.2  Wind Power for Texas

         		 9.8.2  Wind Power for the United States
     
    9.9 Numerical Models
    9.10 Micrositing
    9.11 Ocean Winds
     
    9.12
         		 Summary
     

         		 References
      Geographic Information Systems

         		 Problems


     

    10 WIND INDUSTRY
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 New Wind Industry

         		 10.2.1  Wind Industry 1970-1980

         		 10.2.2  Wind Industry 1980-1990

         		 10.2.3  Wind Industry 1990-2000

         		 10.2.4  Wind Industry 2000-2010

         		 10.2.5  Comments
    10.3 Large Wind Turbines
    10.4 Small Wind Turbines

         		 References

         		 Problems


     

    11 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Avoided Costs
    11.3 Utility Concerns

         		 11.3.1  Safety

         		 11.3.2  Quality Of Power

         		 11.3.3  Connection To The Utility

         		 11.3.4  Ancillary Costs
     
    11.4 Regulations On Installation And Operation
    11.5 Environmental
    11.6 Politics
    11.7 Incentives

         		 11.7.1  United States

         		 11.7.2  Other Countries 
    11.8
         		 Externalities
     
    11.9
         		 Transmission
     

         		 References

         		 Problems

     

    12 ECONOMICS
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Factors Affecting Economics
    12.3 General Comments
    12.4 Economic Analysis
      12.4.1  Simple Payback
      12.4.2  Cost of Energy

         		 12.4.3  Value of Energy
    12.5 Life Cycle Costs
    12.6 Present Worth and Levelized Costs
    12.7 Externalities
    12.8 Wind Project Development

         		 12.8.1  Land Owner Considerations 

         		 12.8.2  COE Estimation for Wind Farm
    12.9 Summary
    12.10
         		 Future
     

         		 References

         		 Problems



     


         		 INNOVATIVE WIND TURBINES
     

         		 USDA TOUR
     

         		 TRAINERS VERSION
     

         		   Solutions to Problems
     

         		   Mid Term Review and Solutions
     

         		   Final Review and Solutions